Zachary’s Story Essay Example for Free

Zachary’s Story Essay 1. An ulcer starts by eroding the mucosa of the G.I tract wall. What functions of digestion or reabsorption might be lost if this layer is no longer functional? What functions will be compromised if the ulcer eats through the submucosa and then the muscularis? Absorption would not happen correctly because some of the ingested and secreted may seep out of the lumen. This could also create a pathway of entry for pathogens, if the ulcer ate its way through to the muscularis mucosa and lose some control of defecation. 2. If Zachary has a peptic ulcer affecting his stomach and or duodenum, which components of the peritoneum will be affected? If the ulcer eats a hole into the wall of the stomach, bacteria and partially digested food can spill though the opening into the peritoneum. This will cause sever inflammation of the abdominopelvic cavity and the visceral peritoneum. 3. How can Zachary’s stomach contribute to the formation of ulcers in other parts of the G.I tract? Which cells directly participate in ulcer formation and how do they contribute to the creation of lesions in the G.I tract wall? Zachary’s stomach contributes to the formation of ulcers in the other parts of the G.I tract by the acids that are needed to breakdown food, they are excessive and will cause the stomach to over work therefore causing surrounding parts to be over worked as well. The cells that participate in ulcer formation include: partial cells (secrete HCI) and gastric gland (acetylcholine) . The major causing factor is chronic inflammation due to helicobacter pylori that colonizes the mucosa. The immune system is unable to clear up the infection despite the appearance of antibodies, which the bacterium can cause a chronic active gastritis. 4. Why does Zachary’s G.I tract need the substance the contributes to the formation of ulcers? How is this substance secreted by cells within the gastric pits? Zachary’s G.I tract need the substance to assist in the breakdown of food for absorption. Epithelial cells extend into the lamina where they form secretory folds called gastric glands and several of these glands open into the gastric pits and secretions from those glands flow into the pits. 5. If Zachary’s only normal digestive enzymes come back from his mouth, what substances will he be able to digest? Zachary will only be able to digest starch because even though food is swallowed too quickly for all starches to be broken down in the mouth, salivary amylase in the swallowed food continues to act on the starches for around another hour, then the stomach acids inactivate it. Zachary can also digest triglycerides because the enzyme secreted by lingual glands in the tongue start to break down but does not activate until the bolus reaches the stomach. 6. What do you think the ultimate fate of Zachary’s pancreas would be if the hepatopancreatic ampulla continued to be blocked? What do you think would happen to the liver and then eventually to the rest of Zachary’s body? Because of the excessive pancreatic juice and bile Zachary’s pancreas will not be able to function correctly, this will result in a blockage of the secretions that will continue to build causing further damage and inflammation. Zachary will end up with extrahephatic jaundice due to the blockage of bile drainage and he will become malnourished and lose weight. 7. What enzymes has Zachary’s body been unable to use because of the blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla? What are the specific molecules these enzymes work on? Pancreatic juice and bile are the enzymes that Zachary cannot use. These enzymes work on the endocrine portion of the pancreas, they secrete the hormones glucagon and insulin. 8. Selecting one of Zachary’s symptoms of either diarrhea, fever or weight loss†¦ explain how inflammation of one section of the small intestine could lead to that symptom? Inflammation of the small intestine is called gastroenteritis. The symptoms that occur with this disease include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. All of these symptoms can cause a fever and it will last anywhere from 3-7 days. 9. With Zachary’s new diet, which type of lipoprotein will decrease in circulation the most? Which type of lipoprotein do most people wish they could decrease and why? Which one do most people wish they could increase? VLDLs will decrease with Zachary’s new diet. Most people wish they could decrease LDLs because LDL cholesterol is known as â€Å"bad† cholesterol, and people have too few LDL receptors. Their body cells remove LDL from the blood less effectively and develop fatty plague. People wish they could increase HDLs which is known as â€Å"good† cholesterol. 10. In a healthy person other molecules can be substituted into the pathways of glucose catabolism when the blood glucose level is low. What specific molecules will Zachary now have problems making during times of low glucose and what is the normal source of molecules? Zachary will have problems making glycogen, which is mobilized and converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis when the blood glucose concentration is low. Glucose may also be produced from non-carbohydrate precursors that include: pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. Gluconeogenesis is what maintains blood glucose concentrations, while insulin and glycogen work together to keep blood glucose normal. 11. If Zachary is no longer ingesting foods high in lipid content, how will his body continue to supply itself with phospholipids, lipoproteins and cholesterol? Without an adequate supply of lipids in the body, what process will most likely increase in his hepatocytes to ensure proper ATP production in times of low blood glucose? Zachary’s body will continue to supply itself with phospholipids, lipoproteins and cholesterol by using the stored lipids in the adipose tissue throughout his body and his liver. Ketone bodies will increase in the hepatocytes to ensure proper ATP production.

Drugs and Alcohol Essay -- essays research papers fc

Drugs and Alcohol For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? has been a dilemma which American medical experts and government leaders have fought to answer for years. Recently, many institutions and organizations have formed in order to fight the war on drugs and help diminish the percent of Americans who use dangerous drugs and excessive amounts of alcohol. Drugs and alcohol have been part of cultural recreation for thousands of years. Ancient China and India used marijuan thousands of years ago, and Herodotus wrote in the fifth century B.C. of the Scythians? ?burning marijuana on hot rocks and producing a vapor that made them shout out loud?(Duke and Gross 44). Over 7,000 years ago, Peruvian legend attests that llamas which lacked sources of food ate the leafs of the coca plant. The result was increased energy, which led the Peruvians to eat the plant for the same reason (Duke and Gross 66). It is also a well-known fact that ancient tribes still use psychoactive drugs and drink homemade alcohol to enhance religious ceremonies. All of these examples point out that drugs have been around a long, long time, and no solution can possibly wipe out drug use totally. Before being capable of fighting the use of drugs and alchol, one must come to an understanding of why some people use drugs. The decision to ultimately use drugs is influenced mainly in childhood. Whether in a poor ?ghetto? neighborhood, or in a middle-class suburb, all children are vulnerable to the abuse of drugs. Most high-risk children are effected by personal and family circumstances (Falco 51). If a child?s parents are substance abusers, then it is a fairly safe prediction that the child will abuse drugs later in life. Also, early-life experiments with drugs greatly increases the chance of abuse later in life. Academic problems, and rebellious, anti-social behavior in elementary school are also linked to drug problems, in addition to truancy, delinquency, and ear... ...n their goals rather than wasting their lives away by using drugs. In conclusion, drug and alcohol abuse and misuse is a major part of American society. The battle to reduce the rampant use of drugs and alcohol is being fought everyday by America?s schools, families, and politicians. Their goal is simply stated but perhaps impossible to accomplish: to create a ?drug free? society(Duke and Gross 200).However, with the increased help of psychologists, sociologists, and medical officials, perhaps Americans will finally learn the evils which arise from the abuse of drugs and alcohol. Lives are ruined, dreams are shattered, and society loses many important people to alcoholism and drug abuse. Maybe if we are smart it will all stop. Works Cited Duke, Steven B. and Gross, Albert. America?s Longest War: Rethinking our   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tragic Crusade Against Drugs. G.P. Putnam?s Sons, New York. 1993. Falco, Mathea. The Making of a Drug-Free America. Times Books. New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1992. Snyder, Solomon H. , editor. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs: Alcohol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and Alcoholism. Chelsea House Publishers. New York. 1986.

20th and 19th Century Music Comparison

Comparative analysis of twentieth and nineteenth century orchestral work Musicology – Subtopic 1 I have decided to comparatively analyse the pieces; Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor by Friedrich Kalkbrenner and Symphony no. 1 in G major by Felix Draeseke. Fridrich Kalkbrenner’s composition, ‘Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor’ is a nineteenth century work, and Felix Draeseke’s composition, ‘Symphony no. 1 in G major’ is a twentieth century work. As the aim of the task is to compare the two works, I have chosen to use the set format of columns to effectively distinguish these contrasts and/or similarities. PITCHPiano Concerto No. 1 in D minor by Friedrich Kalkbrenner | Symphony no. 1 in G major by Felix Draeseke| * Minor key * At the start of the piece, the string section comes in with a melodic sequence, shifting up 2 tones and then leaping down to the third note, creating a motif at the introduction. * The modal is sprightly rondo in the la ter half of the first movement. The piano soloist plays a light melody over an orchestral wash of colour. | * Major key * The start of piece is dominantly strings, with a woodwind instrument playing a floaty melodic sequence, again going in a downward sequence of steps. DURATION * Before any instrument comes in, there is a 14 second duration of a pause at the start of the piece. * Durational patterns of the chord changes near the start of the piece, tend to repeat themselves as the piece progresses. These chord changes, create temporary regularity and structure till the piece changes it’s durational patterns which can be found at; 34 seconds in, the chord transitions become metso staccato and then go into a sustained chord till the next change occurs. * From the excerpt I have taken out of this piece, which is; 0. 0-2. 00 seconds, the tempo throughout the entirety of this first movement is the same. The tempo of the rhythmic pulse through the entirety of this excerpt would be roughly, 120bpm. | * There are at least 2-3 melodic motifs occurring at the start of this piece being played by strings. * The most dominant melodic pattern consists of sustained chords, spanning out over a bar, sometimes even two. * The durability of the chords at the start of the piece are long and sustained, where as ‘Piano Concerto No. ’, the chords change fairly quickly, and the melody in turn, does too, in order to keep up. * The excerpt for this piece that I have chosen which is; 0. 00-2. 00 has a slow pulse to it. * The tempo of the general piece is quite slow, whereas ‘Piano Concerto No. 1’ is quite fast. | STRUCTURE * Split up into different movements. * With every new movement, comes a change in theme or dynamics. The pattern breaks and starts a new, or continues on. * Both pieces are separated into 3 movements. * Split up into different movements also. * The structure in these two songs are similar, except instrumental queues and performing med ia are played differently, causing the themes and patterns to vary, but still keeping a similar scaffold for the structure, the same in both pieces. | TEXTURE * Sea of orchestral instruments created dominantly by the strings, creating the background and foreground dominant melodies. The woodwind instruments seep in, creating another layer of sound. This creates further melodies, making the texture thicker, richer and making it sound like a wash of melodies. | * The instruments pile in, one by one, to a crescendo near the start of the piece. This also includes a thicker texture being created through the techniques in which the instruments are being played. * The texture would be described glistening and dazzling, with very little profundity. | TONE COLOUR * Some of the expressive techniques used in this piece include the piano solo played throughout the| * |

Essay about Renaissance Influence on Modern Day Fashion

Many people would not believe that there are so many similarities between modern day fashion and the fashion of the renaissance time period. Many differences may be seen between the two, but the similarities are remarkable. Throughout all of time, clothing has been the major representation of social classes. What people wear has always been the distinguishing factor between the wealthy and the poor classes of both the renaissance and current time period. The evolution from time period to time period has been vast, but the fact that what people wear represents what class they reside in is still very prevalent. From the fabrics, jewels, and accessories, you can still see many similarities from the renaissance time period to the current time†¦show more content†¦There was a very clear line in between the wealthy and the poor. Peasants during the era wore layers of belted tunics, cloaks, hats, and boots or clogs for warmth. These types of clothing would never be seen on the weal thier class of people. Many fashion trends from the renaissance time period carried on from time period to time period and are very prevalent still today. Fashion is very important in modern day society, and can be seen all around. Most of what people know about fashion today came from the fashion during the renaissance. From the vibrant fabrics to the spectacular jewels, renaissance fashion has been thoroughly threaded in the fashion of modern society. Modern day women often wear shorty, fun gowns, tightly fitting jeans, and lower cut tops. Popular fashion trends for men in modern society include saggy jeans, V-neck shirts, and stylish watches. â€Å"A fashion is merely a form of ugliness so unbearable that we are compelled to alter it every six months† (Oscar Wilde). Fashion in modern day society is ever changing, but most changes do not stray too far from the original product. Although there are many differences in fashion from era to era the similarities are outstanding. Some of the most repetitive pieces from era to era include corsets, robes, and codpieces. Codpieces were a very fashionable cover for the zipper of men’s pants that the weather men wore to make themselves more presentable. Codpieces are still very popularShow MoreRelatedFashion Is A Big Part Of Society1489 Words   |  6 PagesFashion has become a big part of society. Overtime, people come up with fashion ideas which turn into products. These products catch the eyes of some people and when a larger amount of people begin to wear certain brands, certain styles, other people start to conform and buy similar articles of clothing. This is how fashion trends are started, spread, and passed on. There are various amounts of styles that can suit anyone’s personality. 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